This course is the study of the principles of measurement and clinical application of the theory necessary to produce valid results to assess proteins, electrolyte and water balance, urinalysis, carbohydrate metabolism, cardiovascular function, renal function, liver function, pancreatic function, blood gases and therapeutic drug monitoring. The principles of measurement include light measuring, electrochemistry, osmolality, enzymology, immunology, electrophoresis, laboratory automation, and chromatography.